keith said:

I doubt that very much!! Mark-up is a necessity of language and communication wether you see it or not.

zen markup language _is_ a form of "markup", but it's the "light" kind -- not that _heavy_ stuff -- so it doesn't take much time or money or energy to "apply" it where needed. as to "whether you see it or not", z.m.l. generally tries to be invisible. this is in sharp contrast to the "heavy" kind of markup, which is intrusive to the maximum, with all those angle-brackets and ampersand characters and tags and stylesheet information and javascript and table-markup and lord knows what else is in there, such that the actual _content_ is more or less buried in all of it... do a "view source" on most web-pages these days, and you'll see exactly what i mean. that x.m.l. crap is _definitely_ visible, and it's a visual horror. otherwise, the matter of "visibility" can be kind of a philosophical one, not? can you see the spaces that i have put in-between these words? or how about the line-endings that create a new line under the previous? or the double-line-breaks that put an empty line between paragraphs? can you see an empty line? or not? can you hear silence? i don't know! some people call these spaces and line-breaks "markup", which strikes me as a lame attempt to rescue the concept. but i don't argue with them. i just smile... :+) -bowerbird